Recent reports found functional redundancy (i.e. Within the text, “microbiome” refers to the microorganisms and their genes whereas “microbiota” only refers to the microbes themselves.Īlthough major emphasis has been placed on the role of endosymbionts in arthropod metabolism and physiology, the presence of multiple metabolic pathways in the microbiome of vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes and tsetse flies suggests broader metabolic complementation mediated by microbiota bacteria. The midgut is also the optimal microenvironment for the survival and maintenance of the vector microbiota, likely composed of bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. The midgut is the first organ in which pathogenic microbes ingested with the host blood can survive and, in most cases, invade other tick or mosquito tissues.
Mosquitoes are vectors of major human diseases such as dengue (caused by dengue virus) and malaria (caused by Plasmodium spp.). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus) and protozoa ( Babesia spp. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi), viruses (e.g. For example, hard ticks (Ixodidae) transmit human and animal pathogens including bacteria (e.g. Since the importance of some bacterial taxa for colonization of vector-borne pathogens is well known, the disruption of the vector microbiota by host antibodies opens the possibility to develop novel transmission-blocking vaccines.Īmong arthropod vectors, mosquitoes and ticks as well as sand flies and fleas are vectors of a wide spectrum of diseases with relevance in public and animal health. Anti-microbiota vaccines are presented as a tool to manipulate the vector microbiota and interfere with the development of pathogens within their vectors. We focus on the immune functions of host antibodies taken in the blood meal as they can target pathogens and microbiota bacteria within hematophagous arthropods. Here, we review how increased knowledge of microbial ecology and vector-host interactions is driving the emergence of new concepts and tools for vector and pathogen control. In recent years, it has become clear that arthropod-associated microbiota are involved in many aspects of host physiology and vector competence, prompting research into vector microbiota manipulation. Alternative strategies that can reduce vector populations and/or vector-mediated transmission are encouraged worldwide. Breaking the circulation of pathogens in permanent foci by controlling vectors using acaricide-based approaches is threatened by the selection of acaricide resistance in vector populations, poor management practices and relaxing of control measures. Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus) and mosquitoes (e.g. Human and animal pathogens that are transmitted by arthropods are a global concern, particularly those vectored by ticks (e.g.
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